You’ve heard of the Social Security crisis. And you’ve probably heard that the pensions promised to state employees are terribly underfunded. And maybe you’ve even heard that most Americans don’t have enough money in their 401(k)s.
Too often, these are three separate conversations. They shouldn’t be. We don’t just have a Social Security problem or a 401(k) problem. We have a retirement-security problem. And when we look at one or another piece in isolation — as most of the deficit-reduction proposals do — we run the risk of making it much worse. To be more specific, we run the risk of continuing the great risk shift of the last decades of the 20th century, in which uncertainty that was once borne by employers and the government has increasingly been shunted onto individuals.
Consider the 401(k). When Congress created the provision in , it didn’t realize it was going to transform the entire American pension system in less than a generation. But that’s what happened. Employers were quick to recognize that the new plans were a safer bet than the defined-contribution plans that had dominated until then. In the old world, employers had to worry about saving enough to pay for their workers’ retirement. In the new world, that responsibility fell on the workers themselves.
By 1995 there were more 401(k)-type plans than traditional defined-benefit plans. Now there are about twice as many. And as Robert Hiltonsmith, a policy analyst at the think tank Demos, documents in a new report, they’re not working out that well.
Retirement experts say average workers approaching retirement need about $250,000 in their 401(k)s to maintain their standard of living. They don’t have it. The number is closer to $98,000 — not much more than a third of the recommended amount.
That’s necessary context for the arguments over Social Security and state pensions. In both cases, most solutions don’t solve the problem as much as they solve one of the problems: the government’s balance sheet. But in doing so, they just shift the cost of retirement onto the individual. Already we’re seeing the consequences. On average, baby boomers can expect to subsist on an income of about 77 percent of what they earned in their peak working years. For Gen Xers, it’s 65 percent. And for the generation after that?
The deficit-reduction plans under consideration accelerate this decline. Under current law, a medium-income worker (someone making about $43,000 a year) is projected to get about $15,000 a year in Social Security benefits in 2050. Under the Simpson-Bowles plan, he or she will get about $12,700. That’s not nothing, but it’s not much. Social Security is not currently a generous program — it’s actually among the least generous offered by any developed nation — and in making it less generous, we raise the question of what seniors with insufficient retirement savings are supposed to do.
The great hope is that they’ll work longer. But that’s not always up to them. Age discrimination is rampant. Employers know that younger workers are often more productive, and always cheaper, so they may push out older workers or refuse to hire them. And once older workers are unemployed, it’s particularly hard for them to find new jobs. This has been a major problem in the current recession, which has seen a startling rise in long-term unemployment among older workers.
There are policy solutions that might work, but they require looking at retirement security as a whole, not just as a subcategory of deficit reduction. Increasing benefits for low-income seniors while reducing benefits for high-income seniors probably makes sense. Hiltonsmith supports an expanded version of the 401(k) called Guaranteed Retirement Accounts, in which contributions from employees, employers, and the government would be mandatory.
And it’s more than just pensions: if we want seniors to work longer, we have to think harder about why so many of them don’t. Age discrimination is often part of it, and so is physical exhaustion among those with manual jobs. Many experts suggest that the retirement norm — where you go from working one day to not working the next — could be replaced by pulling back to more flexible, part-time arrangements.
What we’ve seen with 401(k)s is that shifting risk is not the same as eliminating it. Fewer employers now need to worry about pension costs, but more workers need to worry about retirement security. Congress should do more than simply add to their concerns.
(c) 2010, Newsweek Inc. All rights reserved.
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