Even the Queen of England could see that the economics profession messed up big time in the lead up to the financial meltdown. On a visit to the London School of Economics in 2009 she asked why economists’ failed to foresee the crisis. After a “serious” study, a group of eminent economists’ said economists had a “failure of imagination”, suggesting, perhaps, the need for more envisioning courses in Economics PhD programs. Paul Krugman pinned it mostly on economic theorists’ obsession with mathematical beauty and elegance at the expense of true understanding, what he called “mistaking beauty for truth”.
A more sensible answer begins with the observation that most of the economics profession was utilizing the wrong theories — theories based on efficient markets and rational expectations – rather than the much more informative ideas based on Keynes, Minsky, and those of my colleague James Crotty, among others (see the discussion at the Institute for New Economic Thinking) who see financial markets as inherently unstable and bankers in need of serious constraints.
But, until now, there has been way too little focus on the answer actually given by the Professor to whom the Queen originally directed her question. He reports: “…she asked me: ‘How come nobody could foresee it?’ I think the main answer is that people were doing what they were paid to do, and behaved according to their incentives, but in many cases they were being paid to do the wrong things from society’s perspective.” (Guardian, 26 July, 2009 )
And as we like to remind our students, economists are people too.
Charles Ferguson’s new movie, Inside Job brings to the fore this crucial point: Financial economists who missed the build-up to the crisis and who are now urging mild reform are not simply blinded by their love of beauty, but also, it seems, by their love of money. Ferguson reminds us of Larry Summers‘ long-standing advocacy of financial de-regulation, while pulling down more than $20 million from the financial-services sector between 2001 and 2008. Glenn Hubbard, Chairman of George Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers and an advocate of financial de-regulation, was paid $100,000 by the defense to testify in the case of the two Bear Stearns executives charged with fraud by the U.S. government. And, according to Inside Job, economists routinely get paid to provide testimony and write papers favorable to the financial industry.
While one cannot be sure these payments affect views on financial theory and regulation, they certainly create a conflict of interest. Yet, these economists almost never reveal their financial associations when they make public pronouncements on issues such as financial regulation. Jessica Carrick-Hagenbarth and I did a study of 19 prominent academic financial economists who were members of two influential groups that have played a key role in the financial reform and regulation debate in the U.S. Of the 19 academic economists in these groups, 70% advised, owned significant stock in or were on the board of private financial institutions. But you wouldn’t know by looking at their self-identification in media appearances, policy work or academic papers.
Examining their media appearances and academic papers between 2005 and 2009 in which they discussed financial reform, we found these economists rarely, if ever, revealed their ties to private financial firms, preferring instead to identify only their prestigious academic affiliations. The only economist who routinely identified his private financial affiliations is one who was trying to sell a financial product. These economists thus leave the impression that, in discussing issues of financial reform, they are speaking only from the perspective of “objective”, “scientific” economics while they might have more material matters at stake.
The American Economics Association, has no rules to discourage, much less prevent, this behavior (see the excellent work of George DeMartino). Universities have codes of conduct, but these discourage conflicts of interest that harm the University, not the general public. The American Sociological Association is an important exception: its code urges sociologists to disclose financial connections “that may have the appearance or potential for a conflict of interest….in public speeches and writing”). Economists should adopt this approach.
Even more importantly, more of us economists who are not faced with such conflicts should step up and get involved in the financial reform fight which is heating up over the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act. Send in comments on key rule making, such as the Volcker Rule; join SAFER or other groups fighting for reform. We must act as a counter-weight to these self-serving economists who will continue to oppose serious financial reform as they drape themselves in the cloak of economic science.
Gerald Epstein is Professor of Economics and a founding Co-Director of the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He received his PhD in Economics from Princeton University in 1981. Epstein’s current research focuses on monetary and financial restructuring to revive the U.S. and global economies. Most recently, he has been active in financial reform issues and is co-coordinating a group of economists doing work on these matters: Economists’ Committee for “Stable, Accountable, Fair and Efficient Financial Reform” (SAFER). https://www.peri.umass.edu/staff/#c123
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